{"id":18169,"date":"2018-12-04T11:35:39","date_gmt":"2018-12-04T10:35:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.fondazionedecarneri.it\/the-aegis-of-healthcare\/"},"modified":"2018-12-06T11:53:12","modified_gmt":"2018-12-06T10:53:12","slug":"the-aegis-of-healthcare","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.fondazionedecarneri.it\/en\/the-aegis-of-healthcare\/","title":{"rendered":"The Aegis of Healthcare"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”18079″ img_size=”full”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_custom_heading text=”The Aegis of Healthcare. The Debate on Smallpox, the Jennerian Breakthrough, and the Beginnings of Vaccinations in Italy.” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:20|text_align:left|line_height:1.3″ google_fonts=”font_family:Open%20Sans%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic|font_style:800%20bold%20regular%3A800%3Anormal”][vc_column_text]Written by Voltaire, Antonio Genovesi, Pietro Verri, Edward Jenner, Luigi Sacco, Antonio Miglietta<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

On May 8th, 1980, smallpox was officially declared to be eradicated. Before disappearing from the face of the planet, however, the “most lethal and feared disease in human history” had been an affliction which could be tamed only through prevention.<\/p>\n

With its ancient origins, smallpox was so present in the life of 18th- and 19th-century populations that it sparked a global debate which was scientific, political, and philosophical in nature; the disease pushed brilliant minds to improve preventive systems and induced entire governments to protect the health of their people.<\/p>\n

In this volume, we recount this history in three parts. We begin with Voltaire’s letter\u00a0On the Inoculation of Smallpox, <\/em>then\u00a0Lezioni di commercio o sia d\u2019economia civile\u00a0<\/em>by Antonio Genovesi, and the article Sull\u2019innesto del vaiuolo\u00a0<\/em>by Pietro Verri. We follow with the text that represents the turning-point in the history of smallpox: An\u00a0Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae<\/em>. Here, Edward Jenner recounts the fruits of his labor which, in the end, were beneficial for all of humanity, and created the life-saving smallpox vaccination. The brief but significant correspondence between Jenner and Sacco acts as the link to the last part of the volume: the beginnings of vaccination in Italy.\u00a0Memoria sul vaccino<\/em>\u00a0by Luigi Sacco,\u00a0Sull\u2019origine e il merito dell\u2019inoculazione vaccina, <\/em>and\u00a0Ricordi salutari<\/em>\u00a0by Antonio Miglietta give an idea of how pre-unification Italy was already united in its public health policies.\u00a0The\u00a0Omelia sopra il Vangelo della XIII Domenica dopo la Pentecoste\u00a0<\/em>serves as the volume’s final testimony.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_text_separator title=”Authors” title_align=”separator_align_left” color=”mulled_wine” style=”dotted”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_custom_heading text=”Voltaire” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:17|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Open%20Sans%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic|font_style:700%20bold%20italic%3A700%3Aitalic”][vc_column_text](1694-1778), pseudonym of Fran\u00e7ois-Marie Arouet: writer, philosopher, and one of the main leaders of the Enlightenment. His works include:\u00a0Philosophical Letters, Philosophical Dictionary, Treatise on Tolerance,<\/em>\u00a0and Candide<\/em>.\u00a0<\/em>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_custom_heading text=”Pietro Verri” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:17|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Open%20Sans%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic|font_style:700%20bold%20italic%3A700%3Aitalic”][vc_column_text](1728-1797), philosopher and scholar, organizer of Lombard Reformism, Enlightenment thinker, and founder of magazine “Il Caffe”. His works include:\u00a0Riflessioni sulle leggi vincolanti<\/em>,\u00a0Discorso sull\u2019indole del piacere e del dolore<\/em>, and\u00a0Osservazioni sulla tortura<\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_custom_heading text=”Antonio Genovesi ” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:17|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Open%20Sans%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic|font_style:700%20bold%20italic%3A700%3Aitalic”][vc_column_text](1713-1769), philosopher, economist, and sacerdote. As the first Economics scholar in Europe, he was part of the vanguard of a prolific era of Italian economic thought. His works include:\u00a0Logica e metafisica<\/em>,\u00a0Delle lezioni di commercio o sia d\u2019economia civile<\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_custom_heading text=”Edward Jenner” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:17|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Open%20Sans%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic|font_style:700%20bold%20italic%3A700%3Aitalic”][vc_column_text](1749-1823), doctor, naturalist, and member of the Royal Society. He studied and carried out the world’s first smallpox vaccination. His works include:\u00a0Observations on the Natural History of the Cukoo<\/em>, and\u00a0An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae<\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_custom_heading text=”Luigi Sacco” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:17|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Open%20Sans%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic|font_style:700%20bold%20italic%3A700%3Aitalic”][vc_column_text](1769-1836), doctor, hygienist, primary of the\u00a0Ospedale Maggiore<\/em> of Milan, general director of vaccination, and proponent of the Jennerian method in Italy.\u00a0 His works include:\u00a0Istruzione sui vantaggi, e sul metodo d\u2019innestare il vajuolo vaccino<\/em>,\u00a0Memoria sul vaccino unico mezzo per estirpare radicalmente il vajuolo umano<\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_custom_heading text=”Antonio Miglietta” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:17|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Open%20Sans%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic|font_style:700%20bold%20italic%3A700%3Aitalic”][vc_column_text](1767-1826), doctor and physiologist, director of vaccination factories in Naples, and first academic on the History of Medicine in Italy. His works include:\u00a0Sull\u2019origine e il merito dell\u2019inoculazione vaccina<\/em>, and\u00a0Ricordi salutari<\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”18079″ img_size=”full”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_custom_heading text=”The Aegis of Healthcare. The Debate on Smallpox, the Jennerian Breakthrough, and the Beginnings of Vaccinations in Italy.” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:20|text_align:left|line_height:1.3″ google_fonts=”font_family:Open%20Sans%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic|font_style:800%20bold%20regular%3A800%3Anormal”][vc_column_text]Written by Voltaire, Antonio Genovesi, Pietro Verri, Edward Jenner, Luigi Sacco, Antonio Miglietta On May 8th,…<\/span><\/p>\n

Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"content-sidebar-page.php","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fondazionedecarneri.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18169"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fondazionedecarneri.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fondazionedecarneri.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fondazionedecarneri.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fondazionedecarneri.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18169"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.fondazionedecarneri.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18169\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18231,"href":"https:\/\/www.fondazionedecarneri.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18169\/revisions\/18231"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fondazionedecarneri.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18169"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}